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Childbirth is a common part of human life and it can unfortunately be accompanied by complications of the mother or child. In our algorithm, we will look at the prolonged birth of twins, after which it will be necessary to evaluate the condition and decide on the transport of one of the children. Where to transfer a pathological newborn to be provided with adequate care? How to proceed in securing vital functions along the way? How to react to the deterioration of the condition? If you do not know the answers to these questions, we believe that after mastering our story, you will be prepared for such situations.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: newborn, Apgar score, transport, oxygen therapy | published on: 5. 6. 2021

Burns are serious painful injuries. The severity of burn injury depends on the extent, location and the degree of burns. Therapy and subsequent recovery is long. The most common cause of burns in children is heat damage to the skin. This interactive algorithm will comprehensively guide you through all the steps of the treatment of burn injuries in children, from the first aid and pre-hospital care to the anaesthesiology and surgical care of a burnt child.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: Pediatric burns, pain management, infusion therapy, rule of palm, intubation | published on: 5. 6. 2021

Research shows that 40 % to 60 % of children, especially of pre-school and early school age, experience anxiety and stress before a surgery requiring general anaesthesia. Subsequently, some of them show post-traumatic stress symptoms, which continue to affect the child’s overall condition, recovery, and compliance with any other medical care. Children under seven years of age are considered to be the most endangered group. Several preventive measures can be taken that reduce the risk of developing a post-traumatic stress response. This algorithm endeavours to draw healthcare professionals’ attention to the critical points of the entire procedure of preparing a child for the surgery under general anaesthesia in terms of psychology, that can help children better manage medical intervention.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: Posttraumatic stress disorder, anesthesia, psychological preparation, anxiety | published on: 5. 6. 2021

Septic shock is a life threatening condition which needs quick intervention. The treatment and differential diagnosis of septic shock might appear to be quite challeging, but is essential for an optimal outcome for the patient. This algorithm will give a insight into the managment of septic shocks, the differential diagnosis, possible error sources in the diagnosis and characteristics of microbes, that cause shock.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: toxic shock, sepsis, microbiology, antibiotcs, shock managment | published on: 5. 6. 2021

Acute abdomen refers to a heterogenous group of urgent conditions characterized by the sudden onset of severe abdominal pain. The spectrum of disease encompassed within this term may cause diagnostic difficulty, owing to the considerable diversity in the underlying etiology, which includes, among others, obstructive, inflammatory, vascular, infective, and gynecological processes. Infective intraabdominal processes in particular are a serious cause of mortality and present a unique clinical challenge due to the evolutionarily dynamic nature of the pathogens and the potential for progression of infection beyond the original infectious foci. As a result, diagnosis and management of patients with suspected intraabdominal infections is contingent on obtainment of a comprehensive history, structured evaluation, timely intervention, and prompt initiation of empiric therapy, followed by adjustments in antimicrobial therapy once the causative organism has been identified, if necessary.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: intraabdominal infection, peritonitis, acute diverticulitis, microbiology, pneumoperitoneum, antibiotics, virulence factors, bacteria, intestinal flora, bowel perforation, anaerobic bacteria | published on: 5. 6. 2021

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a global problem. Patients require specific care from initial treatment in emergency departments. Many patients with extensive bilateral pneumonia require hospitalization in the intensive care unit and are dependent on high-flow oxygen therapy. In some of them, despite all treatment, lung disease progresses to the form of acute respiratory distress syndrome with the need to be connected to mechanical lung ventilation. Adequate blood gas exchange often cannot be achieved by a protective setting of mechanical ventilation. Therefore, the physician must use the prone position and, in the most severe cases, also consider the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. The algorithm is divided into two parts, and the participant can decide whether he wants to take care of the patient with COVID-19 during emergency admission or play the role of an intensive care physician.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: covid-19, intensive care, respiratory infection, ventilation | published on: 5. 6. 2021

Structured passing of information about the patient and correctly doing patient handoff is very often considered marginal. However, the correct execution of these procedures significantly increases patient's safety and leads to better classification and passing on essential information. This algorithm aims to point out the possibilities of structured information pass on and safe patient handoff.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: Patient Handoff, ATMIST, communication, patient safety | published on: 5. 6. 2021

Cholangitida (někdy je používán termín cholangoitida) je zánět především intrahepatálních žlučových cest. Je téměř vždy spojena s částečnou nebo úplnou obstrukcí žlučových cest. Příčinou obstrukce může být choledocholitiáza, biliární striktury, sklerozující cholangitida, kongenitální malformace či nádorové obstrukce žlučových cest. Stagnace žluči je pak disponujícím momentem pro infikování žluči střevními mikroorganismy (E. coli). Žlučovody jsou naplněny infikovanou žlučí a proces pak může pokračovat intraparenchymatózně a vést k vzniku mnohočetných mikroabscesů v játrech a ke generalizované sepsi což je život ohrožující stav.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: cholangoitida, sepse, ERCP | published on: 9. 8. 2021

V tomto algoritmu se seznámite s infekcemi, které postihují to nejdůležitější, co máme. Neuroinfekce mohou být život ohrožující stavy a i přes veškerou terapii mohou bohužel zanechat trvalé následky. Jak tedy včas infekce CNS rozpoznat? Čím pacienta léčit? A můžeme neuroinfekcím nějak předcházet? Odpověď na tyto otázky a spoustu dalších informací se dozvíte během řešení našeho algoritmu s chlupatými a měkoučkými pacienty.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: Meningitida, encefalitida, meningeální příznaky, lumbální punkce | published on: 9. 8. 2021

Cílem algoritmu je seznámení se s hemolyticko-uremickým syndromem, který patří mezi nejčastější příčiny akutního renálního selhání u dětí. Podíváme se na jeho klinické projevy, na typické laboratorní známky a popíšeme si dvě základní formy tohoto onemocnění. Společně si také objasníme etiologii, patogenezi, průběh, léčbu a prognózu hemolyticko-uremického syndromu.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: akutní renální selhání, hemolyticko-uremický syndrom, hyperkalémie | published on: 9. 8. 2021

Po krátkém teoretickém úvodu se v celkem 9-ti klinických situacích naučíte rozpoznat základní artefakty a patologické stavy na kapnografické křivce. Mimo jiné si vysvětlíme význam metody jak v úvodu do celkové anestezie, tak při kardiopulmonální resuscitaci.Po zvládnutí tohoto algoritmu se budete moci spolehnout na tuto jednoduchou, avšak důležitou metodu monitorace ve svojí klinické praxi.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: Kapnografie, Oxid uhličitý | published on: 9. 8. 2021

Benigní hyperplazie prostaty patří mezi nejčastější nezhoubné nádory u mužů. Etiologie tohoto onemocnění je přisuzována hormonální dysbalanci a jeho prevalence roste s věkem. Jestliže v léčbě tohoto onemocnění selhala farmakoterapie, přistupuje se k chirurgickému řešení, nejčastěji k metodě transuretrální resekce prostaty (TURP). Jednou ze závažných až život ohrožujících komplikací transuretrální resekce prostaty je TURP syndrom. Tento algoritmus má za cíl řešitele seznámit s patofyziologií, rizikovými faktory vzniku, klinickými projevy, diagnostikou a následnou terapií tohoto syndromu. Na konci algoritmu by si měl být řešitel dále vědom skutečnosti, že k rozvoji tohoto syndromu může dojít jak akutně během výkonu, tak i v časném pooperačním období po zdánlivě nekomplikované operaci.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: TURP syndrom, transuretrální resekce prostaty, benigní hyperplázie prostaty, hemodialýza, periprostatický venózní plexus, osmolalita, hyponatrémie, osmotický demyelinizační syndrom | published on: 9. 8. 2021

Tento algoritmus vás na konkrétním případu seznámí s častou komplikací nemocných s diabetes mellitus 1. typu – diabetickou ketoacidózou. Ta, narozdíl od méně častých ketoacidóz (alkoholické či starvační), představuje akutní, život ohrožující stav, který je způsoben přítomností ketolátek v krvi. Její léčba má svá specifika a úskalí, jejichž znalost je stěžejní pro úspěšnou terapii. Algoritmus seznámí řešitele s typickými příznaky, provede jej léčbou se zaměřením na řešení nejčastějších komplikací a uvede způsoby prevence dalšího takového stavu.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: inzulin, cukrovka, diabetes mellitus, hyperkalemie, acidóza, ketolátky | published on: 9. 8. 2021

Cholangitis (sometimes referred to as cholangoitis) is an inflammation of primarily the intrahepatic bile ducts. It is almost always associated with partial or complete obstruction of the bile ducts. The cause of obstruction may be choledocholithiasis, biliary strictures, primary sclerosing cholangoitis, congenital malformations or tumor obstruction of the bile ducts. Bile that stagnates in the ducts may then be infected with intestinal microorganisms (E. coli) and the process can then proceed intraparenchymatously, leading to multiple microabscesses in the liver and generalized sepsis, which is a life-threatening condition.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: cholangoitida, sepse, ERCP | published on: 9. 8. 2021

In this algorithm you will learn about infections, which affect our most important belongings. Neuroinfections can be life-threatening conditions and despite all therapy can lead to lasting health problems. So how to recognize them on time? How to treat the patient? And can we prevent these infections? Dealing with our algorithm with fluffy patients you will find answers to all these questions and a lot of other interesting information.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: Meningitida, encefalitida, meningeální příznaky, lumbální punkce | published on: 9. 8. 2021

The aim of algorithm is getting to know hemolytic-uremic syndrom, which is one of the most common causes of acute renal failure in childhood. We will look at its clinical manifestations, typical laboratory findings and we will describe two basic forms of this disease. Together we will also clarify the ethiology, pathogenesis, clinical course, treatment and prognosis of hemolytic-uremic syndrom.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: Meningitida, encefalitida, meningeální příznaky, lumbální punkce | published on: 9. 8. 2021

After a short theoretical introduction you will be able to recognise the basic artifacts and pathological situations on the capnographic waveform in total of 9 clinical cases. Among other you will be explained the significance of this method during the induction to general anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary resuscitation as well. After mastering this algorithm you can rely on this simple but important monitoring method during you clinical practice.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: Capnography, Carbon Dioxide | published on: 9. 8. 2021

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is one of the most common benign tumors in men. Etiology of this condition is thought to be linked to hormonal imbalance and its prevalence increases with age. If pharmacotherapy fails, a surgical procedure is the next therapeutic step, most often a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). TURP syndrome is a serious and life-threatening complication of transurethral resection of the prostate. This algorithm aims to familiarize the solver with the pathophysiology, onset risk factors, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome. At the end of this algorithm the solver should be aware that TURP syndrome can develop both during and after an uncomplicated TURP procedure.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: TURP syndrome, transurethral resection of prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, LUTS, hemodialysis, prostatic venous plexus, osmolality, hyponatremia, osmotic demyelination syndrome | published on: 9. 8. 2021

Ketoacidosis is an acute, life-threatening condition, which is caused by the presence of ketone bodies in the blood. The treatment has its specifics as well as drawbacks, the knowledge of which is essential for successful therapy. This algorithm is focusing on diabetic ketoacidosis, which occurs mostly in patients with type I diabetes; however, alcoholic ketoacidosis also exists, albeit being less common and having less acute progress. The algorithm introduces typical signs, carries through the therapy with a focus on addressing some of the common setbacks, and provides ways of preventing future similar conditions.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: inzuline, diabetes mellitus, hyperkalemia, acidosis, ketone bodies | published on: 9. 8. 2021

Regionální anestézie je čím dal víc preferovanou metodou v anesteziologii. Přináší spoustu výhod pro pacienta v perioperačním a postoperačním období. Jedním z předpokladu provedení regionální anestezii je dobrá znalost topografické anatomii dané oblasti, práce z ultrazvukem, znalost základních indikaci a kontraindikaci jednotlivých blokád a rozpoznání možných komplikaci. Algoritmus má za cíl provést řešitele možnostmi RA horních končetin spolu s provedením a řešení případných komplikaci.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: Interskalenická blokáda, paréza n. phrenicus, n. suprascapularis | published on: 31. 10. 2021

Rozštěpy obličeje patří mezi nejčastější vrozené vývojové vady. Prvotní zachycení je možné již prenatálním screeningovým vyšetřením a jejich nález není indikací k ukončení těhotenství. Současné možnosti léčby zabezpečují malý, téměř žádný hendikep v dospělosti. Chirurgická léčba a anesteziologické řešení těchto vad má svá specifika. Algoritmus seznámí řešitele s průběhem léčby pacienta s celkovým rozštěpem, provede jej perioperačním managementem jednotlivých rekonstrukčních výkonů a obeznámí jej s multioborovým přístupem k dané problematice.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: rozštěp rtu, rozštěp patra, obtížná intubace, infraorbitální nervová blokáda | published on: 31. 10. 2021

Regional anesthesia is progressively preferred method in anesthesiology. It provides patients with many advantages in both pre and postoperative period. One of the prerequisites for practicing regional anesthesia is a good knowledge of the area topography, work with ultrasound image, basic indications and contraindications for the specific nerve blocks and recognizing possible complications. The goal of this algorithm is to guide a participant through possibilities for regional anesthesia of the upper extremity and the dealing with possible complications.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: Interscalenic blockade, paresis of n. phrenicus, n. suprascapularis | published on: 31. 10. 2021

Cleft defects are the most common congenital malformations. The initial discovery is already possible with prenatal screening examination, and its finding is not an indication to terminate the pregnancy. Nowadays, the treatment possibilities allow us to unsure little-to-no handicap in adulthood. Surgical treatment and anaesthesiological approach for these defects have their own specifics. This algorithm will apprise the solver with course of treatment, will navigate the solver through perioperative management of each of the reconstructive procedures and will acquaint them with multidisciplinary approach.

LF MU | discipline: Emergency Medicine | keywords: cleft lip, cleft palate, difficult intubation, infraorbital nerve block | published on: 31. 10. 2021

discipline: Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry | keywords: Absorbance | published on: 2. 5. 2008

discipline: Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry | keywords: Kyveta | published on: 2. 5. 2008

discipline: Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry | keywords: Spektrofotometr | published on: 2. 5. 2008

discipline: Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry | keywords: Látková koncentrace | published on: 2. 5. 2008

discipline: Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry | keywords: Transmitance | published on: 2. 5. 2008

discipline: Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry | keywords: Spektrofotometrie | published on: 19. 5. 2008

discipline: Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry | keywords: Izolace DNA | published on: 20. 5. 2008