Results found: 11870
... katarina.curova@upjs.sk LS 2022/23 annotation mailto:katarina.curova@upjs.sk mailto:katarina.curova@upjs.sk page COMPLEMENT SYSTEM (C) • Main humoral mechanism of nonspecific immunity • Represented by > 40 effector and regulatory glycoproteins – in blood serum - on the surface of immune cells • Blood serum – 9 components of C, some factors and regulators of C activity – circulate in inactive form • Activation of C – after contact with activator • C components react with each other in a precise and regulated manner with the goal → defense of organism against MIO and other foreign cells/material page HISTORY OF COMPLEMENT JULES BORDET (Nobel price 1919) • Described in1896 specific part of fresh human serum, which must be added to bacterial suspension along with specific antibody to kill and lyse bacteria – and named it ALEXIN • Fresh serum of immunized animals in vitro aglutinate and lyse bacteria used for immunization • Serum heated to 60°C agglutinate, but do not lyse bacteria PAUL EHRLICH • term complement (complementum, C), to express that C complements the antibody's ability to lyse bacteria page COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS • Classical pathway: C1q, C1r, C1s, C2, C3, C4 • Alternative pathway: C3, B, D, I, H, P factors • Lectin pathway: C3, MBP, MASP • MAC: C5, C6, C7, C8, C9 • Abnormal proteins: C3 – nephritic factor • Regulatory functions: C1-inhibitor, C4-binding factor, I factor, H factor, S- protein, properdin, inactivator of anaphylaxis, DAF, MCP, MIRL • Receptors of C: CR1- binds C3b, CR3 - binds iC3b, ... (8 receptors) page BIOSYNTHESIS OF COMPLEMENT In: 1 ... Some viral proteins → complex Ag+Ab (IgM, IgG3, IgG1) → low concentrations in a healthy person's blood inflammation – rise its concentration 100 times - CRP binds polysaccharides of bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses - its binding to Ag is non-specific (in contrast to Ab) page CLASSICAL PATHWAY C1 – macromolecular complex with proteolytic activity - composed of 3 subunits: C1q, C1r, C1s Recognition function - C1q C1q - 3 types of polypeptide chains (A, B,C) – each type 6 copies - triplet of chains A+B+C form subunit with binding site for - CH2 domain IgG - CH4 domain IgM Effector function – tetramolecular complex (C1r, C1s)2 Activation signal for classical pathway = binding of C1q to immune complex (IgM, IgG + Ag) page CLASSICAL PATHWAY After binding of C1q to immune complex: → auto-catalytic cleavage of proenzyme C1r to active enzyme C1r → conversion of C1s to active serine protease C1s Activated C1 cleaves C2 into C2a and C2b C4 into C4a and C4b → C4b2a = C3 convertase, cleaves C3 → C3a and C3b → C4b2a3b = C5 convertase, cleaves C5 → C5a and C5b C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b page CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 convertase C4b2a page CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 convertase C4b2a3b page CLASSICAL PATHWAY Formation of MAC - complex • Binding of C5b to the target (MIO surface) • Binding of C6, C7, C8 and several molecules of C9 to C5b (winthout cleavage) • Formation of C5b678(9)n = membrane attack complex • Its molecules (C9) are circularly incorporated into the CM of target cell (hole is formed) MAC is CYTOTOXIC page CLASSICAL PATHWAY https://www.google.com/search? ...
UPJŠ LF v Košiciach | discipline: Immunology, Allergology | ...: Array | published on: 28. 5. 2023
... sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj0xZrzkZPfAhUQKVAKHUBQBVQQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http://medpic.org/p/scapular_fracture_pictures&psig=AOvVaw0fmA-t-WQecT_Y2VsTNQSE&ust=1544458320874768 page Scapular fractures • Associated injuries • Pulmonary contusion • Pneumothorax • Clavicular fracture • Rib fractures • Nerves injury page Scapular fractures • Types • Body (A) • Neck (D) • Glenoid (B,C) • Acromion (E) • Coracoid (G) page Scapular fractures - diagnosis • X-ray, CT scan page Scapular fractures - treatment • Conservative treatment • Surgical treatment page Clavicular fractures • Common fractures • 80% in the middle 1/3 • 15% in the lateral 1/3 • 5% in the medial 1/3 • Mechanisms of injury • Fall on an outstretched hand • Fall on the point of shoulder • Blow on the clavicule • Birth trauma page Clavicular fractures • X-ray page Clavicular fractures – conservative treatment page Clavicular fractures – surgical treatment page Clavicular fractures • Complications page Acriomioclavicular dislocation • Common injury • Mechanism of injury • due to a fall onto the front and upper part of the shoulder when the arm is by the side page Acriomioclavicular dislocation • X-ray page Acriomioclavicular dislocation • Conservative treatment – grade I • Surgical treatment page Shoulder dislocation • Head of humerus loses its articulation with the glenoid cavity of the scapula • Anterior dislocation (98%) • Direct blow from posterior aspect of the shoulder • Posterior dislocation (2%) • Blow from anterior aspect page Shoulder dislocation • X-ray page Shoulder dislocation • Inferior dislocation (luxatio erecta) page Shoulder dislocation • Reduction techniques Arlt method page Rotator cuff syndrome • Rotator cuff tendinitis or tendinosis, affects the tendons and muscles that help move shoulder joint annotation http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Shoulder_joint.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Shoulder_joint.svg annotation http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Shoulder_joint.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Shoulder_joint.svg annotation http://www.google.com/url? ... sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lH8i7fzDiWDCMM&tbnid=-R5Xj3nWmZtP3M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.sportsmd.com/sportsmd_articles/id/262.aspx&ei=hfz9UtjQNeyb0wWU9oHACA&psig=AFQjCNFr6vLWoAiBtmfHsITAQivfkrGnFw&ust=1392463266502913 page Rotator cuff syndrome • X-ray, MRI page Impingement syndrome • is a syndrome which occurs when the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles become irritated and inflamed as they pass through the subacromial space, the passage beneath the acromion • Painful abduction of shoulder page Humerus page Humeral head fractures • Common injuries in elderly patients • Classification (Neer´s) page Humeral head fractures • Dislocations of fragments page Humeral head fractures • X-ray, CT scan page Humeral head fractures • Conservative treatement page Humeral head fractures • Surgery page Humeral head fractures • Surgery page Humeral head fractures • Complications • Axillary nerve injury • Avascualr bone necrosis page Humeral shaft fractures • Common at any age • Types • Transverse • Oblique • Spiral • Comminuted • Segmental page Humeral shaft fractures • Mechanisms of injury • Indirect mechanism: fall on outstretched hand • Direct blow on the arm • Birth injury • Radial nerve injury page Humeral shaft fractures • X-ray page Humeral shaft fractures • Conservative treatment page Humeral shaft fractures • Surgical treatment page Humeral shaft fractures page Supracondylar humeral fractures • Commonly seen in children between the age of 5-10 years • Types • Posterior displacement (95%) • Anterior displacement (5%) page Supracondylar humeral fractures • X-ray page Supracondylar humeral fractures - treatment page Supracondylar humeral fractures • Complications • Median nerve injury • Ulnar nerve injury • Brachial artery injury page Elbow page Elbow dislocation • Fairly common in adults than in children • Types • Posterior (90%) • Anterior (8%) • Medial/lateral (2%) page Elbow dislocation • Mechanisms of injury • Fall on oustretched hand with arm in abduction and extension • Direct blow to posterior part of elbow page Elbow dislocation • X-ray, (CT scan, MRI) page Elbow dislocation - treatment page Elbow dislocation • Complication • Nerve injury • Brachial artery injury page Olecranon fractures • Common in adults • Mechanisms of injury • Direct trauma on the point of elbow • Due to fall on a semiflexed elbow with forcible triceps contraction page Olecranon fractures • X-ray page Olecranon fractures • Surgery page Radial and ulnar epicondylitis of humerus • Enthesopathy • disorder of peripheral ligamentous or muscular attachments, abnormalities in the zones of attachment, for ligaments and tendons to bone ...
UPJŠ LF v Košiciach | discipline: Anatomy | ...: Array | published on: 14. 1. 2019
Od – date from Do – date till Typ – type (A - outpatient clinic, H - hospitalization) Odd. – department SK: Neschopnosti ENG: Disablements Incapacities to work due to the patient’s illness ... SK: Dátum aplikácie ENG: Date of vaccination DD.MM.YY SK: Dátum a čas kontroly ENG: Date and time of control Planned date and time to check reaction to vaccination, e.g. after 24 hours ...
UPJŠ LF v Košiciach | discipline: Medical Informatics and Information Science | ...: Array | published on: 18. 3. 2011
Diffusible calcium, is a part of calcium that is found in the form of insoluble citrate and phosphate complexes and calcium deposited in bones. 3 ... Mix well and measure the absorbance of the analyzed sample and the standard against the blank (reference sample) within the range 5 - 15 min after the reagent is added in a 1 cm cuvette at 540 nm. Keep the time! ...
UPJŠ LF v Košiciach | discipline: Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry | ...: Array | published on: 16. 9. 2013
Particularly, the most significant was finding of combined deletion 1p36/19q13.3 in seven patients with anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and two with anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, which is considered to be a predictor of good response to chemotherapy. Therefore, chemotherapy as primary treatment was recommended in these cases. I-FISH seems to be indispensable to survey specific chromosomal aberrations in tumour cells. A systematic molecular cytogenetic analyses by means of interphase FISH showed in our cohort advancement of diagnosis, grading and classification and in some cases also helped with stratification of brain tumours treatment ...
1.LF UK | discipline: Haematology | keywords: mozkové nádory, chromosomové aberace, molekulární cytogenetika, I-FISH | published on: 8. 12. 2006
... page Functions of the immune system • Deffence • Autotolerance • Immune surveillance page Antigen • Substance, that is recognised by the immune system as a foreign and triggers immune reaction (immunogenicity) ... • Polysacharides- usually only as a part of glycoproteins. • Nucleic acids- poor antigenicity, limited to complexes with proteins • Lipids – only exceptionally, best known are sfingolipids ...
LF MU | discipline: Immunology, Allergology | ...: Array | published on: 6. 9. 2013
Determination of total bilirubin in blood serum Bilirubin is a degradation product of heme. Heme degradation occurs in the monocyte- macrophage system and in Kupffer cells of the liver ... Unconjugated bilirubin (indirect bilirubin) quantitatively reacts with a diazo reagent only after the addition of an accelerator, which ensures the release of bilirubin from albumin binding and its solubilization ...
The promoter polymorphism IL-1B -31C/T results in a fivefold increase in IL-1B transcription activity (ref. 1). The IL-1RN gene contains a penta- allelic 86-bp tandem repeat in intron 2, of which the less common IL-1RN*2 allele enhances the IL-1β concentration in vitro ...
1.LF UK | discipline: Gastroenterology and Hepatology | ...: Array | published on: 11. 12. 2006
Tomáš Kašpárek Dep. of Psychiatry Masaryk University, Brno slide slide-master-content slide-content Contents Introduction Physiology and classification Memory assessment Disturbances in memory Treatment of cognitive impairment slide slide-master-content slide-content Introduction Definition: ability to register, store, and recall information (three stages of memory) Memory: part of cognitive functions (involved in information processing; such as perception, thinking, attention) Dimensions of behavior cognition (reasoning) and emotionality slide slide-master-content slide-content Stages of memory I: Registration capacity to add new material (sensory, conceptual, perceptual) to memory new information need to be properly processed (percepted) – disturbing factors consciousness attention emotions repetition slide slide-master-content slide-content „Life cycle“ of a memory trace Immediate memory information stored for 15-20s Short-term memory consolidation of the memory trace – several minutes to 2 days medial temporal structures Long-term memory formed trace large cortical areas slide slide-master-content slide-content Stages of memory II: Retention ability to hold memories in a storage large # of neurons (changes in connectivity) involved in the storage of specific memory sensory specific fractions of complex perceptions in corresponding cortical areas slide slide-master-content slide-content Stages of memory III: Recall ability to return stored information active reconstructions adding together fractions of the exact recollection in a specific situation (=influence) – possibility of the failure to represent of past events properly awareness of the recollection, sureness, proper addressing of time and situation of recollection acquirement slide slide-master-content slide-content Types of memory: Memory modules (Willingham 1997) Explicit (declarative) memory – medial temporal cortex Procedural memory – sensory-motor functional systems Working memory – prefrontal cortex Classical conditioning – cerebellum; relation between motor function and perception Emotional conditioning – amygdala; relation between perception and emotion Priming - parietal, temporal and frontal cortex slide slide-master-content slide-content Memory assessment Immediate recall series of numbers (most adult recall 6 # forward and 3 in reverse) Short-term memory names of 3 inrelated objects after 5 min Long-term memory personal history (independent confirmation), general information (names of presidents...) ... slide slide-master-content slide-content „Quantitative“ dysfunctions Amnesia: short/long-term memory impairment in a state of normal consciousness anterograde: failure to form new information head trauma, state of CNS dysbalance, drug effect retrograde: failure to recall old information head trauma dissociative amnesia: patchy or selective Hypermnesia: unusually vivid memory mania, posttraumatic stress disorder (intrusive memories), obsessive or paranoid personality traits slide slide-master-content slide-content „Qualitative“ dysfunctions paramnesias – retrospective falsification of memories during its recollection (awareness of recalled memory, failure to proper class time and situation of memory acquirement) confabulation – filling memory gaps with inaccurate information; frontal lobe and self-monitoring? ...
LF MU | discipline: Psychiatry, Psychology, Sexology | ...: Array | published on: 12. 1. 2006
The goal of the educational film Anatomical dissection - Introduction to dissection course is to provide students with instructions on the basis of which they will be able to dissect any region of a human cadaver under supervision of an experienced instructor ... The video explains how to hold a scalpel and forceps correctly. In the next part of the film students are instructed how to perform the skin incisions in the selected regions of the body and separate the skin from the subcutaneous tissue, in order to not damaging to the superficially located nerves and vessels ...
LF MU | discipline: Anatomy | keywords: anatomical dissection, scalpel, forceps, skin incisions, dissection of the subcutis, dissection of muscles, vessels, nerves | published on: 6. 4. 2012
The 8th year of the conference is a continuation of very successful and productive conferences MEFANET 2007, MEFANET 2008, MEFANET 2009, MEFANET 2010, MEFANET 2011, MEFANET 2012 and MEFANET 2013, where representatives of all Czech and Slovak medical faculties could discuss specific topics ... Invited lectures will be focused on specific field of interest, which will be completed Apart from general aspects of e-learning, the conference will also be focused on the impact of this phenomenon on a specific field of medicine. The 8th year of the MEFANET conference is dedicated to the following topic: Technology-Enhanced Learning and Teaching in Acute Medicine Odkaz Dátum Prístupnosť [?] ...
LF UK v Bratislave | discipline: Other | keywords: Conference, MEFANET 2014 | published on: 9. 4. 2014
... producer Microsoft® Word 2016 access_permission:can_modify true pdf:docinfo:producer Microsoft® Word 2016 pdf:docinfo:created 2023-01-24T08:09:41Z page Week 10 – Topics for practical lessons A. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL TEST (PIN TEST) B ... The cauda equina occupies the lumbar cistern, a subarachnoid space inferior to the conus medullaris ...
UPJŠ LF v Košiciach | discipline: Anatomy | ...: Array | published on: 30. 6. 2018
... embedded slide2_rId6 embedded slide2_rId4 embedded slide2_rId4 embedded slide2_rId4 SK: Konziliárne správy ENG: Consilium reports To open the list of health records and to create a new consilium report. embedded slide2_rId7 embedded slide2_rId4 SK: Pridať ENG: Add Add a new consilium report ...
... page Selective IgA deficiency • Frequency: 1:400 • Usually only mild manifestation • Predominantly respiratory tract infections • Patients are prone to autoimmune diseases • Beware of anti-IgA antibodies that can cause a severe anaphylactic reaction after artificial IgA administration (by blood, immunoglobulin derivates)! ... – Intravenous immunoglobulins, subcutaneous immunoglobulins - can be used in high doses • Indications: – Replacement treatment in patients with antibody deficiencies – Prophylaxis of infections against which there is no specific immunoglobulin derivate (hepatitis A) – High doses of i.v. immunoglobulins are used in autoimmune diseases, systemic vasculitic diseases ...
It contains the solid theoretical basis of the anatomy of the urogenital system with a focus on clinical application. The textbook has four chapters ...
JLF UK v Martine | discipline: Anatomy | keywords: anatomy of the urogenital system | published on: 29. 11. 2021
... slide slide-master-content slide-content Historical notes middle ages: phrenitis, frenzy, febrile insanity 19th century: „clouding of consciousness“ – lack of clarity of what it means „confusion“ – lack of specificity to delirium „amency“/acute confusuinal state – terms describing milder states of delirium, obsolete 50s: attentional and other cognitive abnormalities are core features, associated with slowing on the EEG slide slide-master-content slide-content Risk factors severity of physical illness older age baseline cognitive impairment (dementia) slide slide-master-content slide-content Etiology manifestation of brain dysfunction due to systemic or brain disease or drug intoxication or withdrawal; often summation of causes intoxication - anticholinergics, lithium, hypnotics, alcohol withdrawal – hypnotics, alcohol tumor trauma, subdural hematoma infection – cerebral, systemic cardiovascular – cerebrovascular, cardial metabolic – hypoxemia, electrolyte disturbances, renal or hepatic failure, hyper/hypoglycemia endocrine – thyriod, glucocorticoid disturbances nutritional – thiamin, B12 deficiency slide slide-master-content slide-content Diagnosis Delirium due to general medical condition Substance intoxication delirium Substance withdrawal delirium Delirium due to multiple etiologies CRITERIA Disturbance of consciousness (reduced clarity of awareness of the environment) with reduced ability to focus, sustain ro shift attention A change in cognition (memory - recent, language, disorientation) or a perceptual disturbance not due to pre-existing dementia rapid onset and fluctuating course slide slide-master-content slide-content Differential diagnosis Dementia include temporal factor (onset, course, progression) no alteration of consciousness Psychotic, mood, anxiety disorders no alteration of consciousness slide slide-master-content slide-content Treatment Treatment of primary medical condition minimizing doses of all sedative and psychoactive medications (except of alcohol or sedative withdrawal delirium) symptomatic control of agitation high potency AP (haloperidol) avoid low potency AP and sedative agents (benzodiazepines, antihistaminics) – worsening!!! severe, life threatening agitation – sedation with controlled ventilation slide slide-master-content slide-content Amnestic disorders slide slide-master-content slide-content Characteristics Definition: acquired impaired ability to learn and recall new information (and past events sometimes) No attention deficit or clouding of consciousness (delirium), no other cognitive dysfunction (dementia) Secondary syndromes caused by systemic medical or primary cerebral diseases, substance abuse disorders, medical adverse effects slide slide-master-content slide-content Historical notes Korsakoff alcoholic psychosis, ie severe disturbance of mental status DSM III, III-R memory impairment (short, long-term memory) DSM IV key feature = impaired learning distinction vs. dementia: dementia = multiple impairment transient vs. chronic forms (breakpoint = 1 month) slide slide-master-content slide-content Etiology Diencephalic and middle temporal lobe structures (mammillary bodies, hippocampus) Causes of amnestic syndrome: closed head trauma penetrating missile wounds focal tumors surgical intervention herpes simplex encephalitis infarction of the territory of the posterior cerebral artery hypoxia chronic use of alcohol with thiamine deficiency Transient forms – linked with CVS disorders, pathology in the vertebrobasilar system, episodic physiologic or metabolic disorders, acute intoxications, seizures slide slide-master-content slide-content Diagnosis Amnestic disorder due to a General Medical Condition Substance-induced persisting amnestic disorder CRITERIA development of memory impairment as manifested by impairment in the ability to learn new information or the inability to recall previously learned information significant impairment in social or occupational functioning due to the memory impairment memory disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of delirium or dementia slide slide-master-content slide-content Differential diagnosis Delirium memory impairment in the context of impaired consciousnes and reduced ability to sustain, focus ro shift attention but – amnestic disorder may emerge from delirium (Korsakoff´s syndrome) Dementia coexistence of memory impairment with multiple cognitive deficits Dissociative amnesia lack of impaired learning new information – circumscribed inability to recall previously learned information with normal functioning in the present slide slide-master-content slide-content Clinical notes Transient global amnesia episodes of transitory inability to learn new information (to form memories) variable inability to recall memories from the episode restoration to completly intact cognitive state no behavioral changes x may be confusion, perplexity sudden/gradual onset – according to the cause (head trauma, CNS event, chronic toxic exposure) disorientation – may be to place and time due to severe mnestic disorder x spared orientation to person (dementia) lack of insight confabulations slide slide-master-content slide-content Treatment No effective treatments for amnestic disorder aimed specifically at learning deficit Treat underlying pathological process rehabilitation after brain injury slide slide-master-content slide-content References : Waldinger R.J.: Psychiatry for medical students, Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press, 1997 Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, Grebb JA.: Kaplan and Sadock´s synopsis of psychiatry, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1997 ...
Patologie a soudní lékařství ...
discipline: Histology, Embryology | keywords: Vrozené vady nervové soustavy | published on: 11. 10. 2010
Porodnictví a gynekologie ...
discipline: Surgery, Traumatology and Orthopaedics | keywords: Vrozené vývojové vady dýchací soustavy | published on: 1. 6. 2009
... page B- cell development page Immunomodulatory treatment of tumors • Cytokines – IL-2 • Interferon alpha • BCG vaccine • Tumor vaccination – mainly using dendritic cells page page Clonal selection theory Effector cells antigen Memory cells Elimination of autoreactive clones Blood and periperal lymphatic organs expansion death death page Myeloma • Tumor that evolves from plasma cells • Paraprotein in serum • Increase in plasma cells in bone marrow • Kidney failure • Pathologic fractures • Secondary immunodeficiency page Electrophoresis of human serum Normal serum Paraproteins page Electrophoresis - paraprotein page Immunodiffusion-I Gel Ags diffuse into gel setting up a concentration gradient Abs diffuse into gel setting up a concentration gradient page Immunodiffusion - II Gel Large aggregates form at the place of equimolar concentrations of Ag & Ab page Imunoelecrophoresis page Imunoelectrophoresis (IgG Kappa praprotein) page Imunofixation (antisérum IgG Lambda) page Paraproteins • Monoglonal immunoglobulins in human serum ...
ASSUMPTIONS page The easiest way to verify the type of distribution is to draw a histogram and to evaluate it visually - whether it approximates curve of a normal distribution ... • 𝑯𝟎: random variable has normal distribution, 𝑯𝟏: it has not • random selection of the size 𝒏 will be subdivided into 𝒓 groups and their frequencies will be compared with the theoretical ones • a testing statistic is random variable: 𝝌𝟐 = 𝒊=𝟏 𝒓 𝒏𝒊 − 𝒏𝒑𝒊 𝟐 𝒏𝒑𝒊 where 𝒏𝒊 is empirical frequency of 𝒊 -th group, 𝒑𝒊 is probability that 𝑿 will have value from 𝒊 -th group (if the zero hypotheses is accepted) 𝝌𝟐 has (for 𝒏 → ∞) distribution with 𝒓 − 𝒔 − 𝟏 degrees of freedom, where 𝒔 is the number of parameters that have to be estimated using sample data to be able to calculate 𝒑𝒊 ...
UPJŠ LF v Košiciach | discipline: Medical Informatics and Information Science | ...: Array | published on: 9. 10. 2019
UPJŠ LF v Košiciach | discipline: Medical Informatics and Information Science | ...: Array | published on: 11. 12. 2009
The related research design, data analysis and interpretation of results are also presented, allowing students to understand a wide range of important statistical analyses ... Fairhurst M., Biometrics: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978–0–19–880910–4, 2018 ...
UPJŠ LF v Košiciach | discipline: Medical Informatics and Information Science | ...: Array | published on: 11. 10. 2010
... date 2024-11-27T09:42:33Z cp:revision 1098 Total-Time 11984 extended-properties:AppVersion 16.0000 stream_content_type application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slideshow meta:paragraph-count 54 meta:word-count 379 extended-properties:PresentationFormat Širokouhlá dc:creator jm extended-properties:Company SjF Word-Count 379 dcterms:created 2003-08-13T07:51:06Z dcterms:modified 2024-11-27T09:42:33Z Last-Modified 2024-11-27T09:42:33Z Last-Save-Date 2024-11-27T09:42:33Z Template Theme1 Paragraph-Count 54 stream_name https://portal.lf.upjs.sk/_skryty_repositar_QFo9MDRM/3/eng/informatics/his/his-06-outpatientclinic-fdisablements.ppsx meta:save-date 2024-11-27T09:42:33Z dc:title Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint Application-Name Microsoft Office PowerPoint extended-properties:TotalTime 11984 modified 2024-11-27T09:42:33Z Content-Type application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slideshow Slide-Count 2 stream_size 1195095 X-Parsed-By org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser X-Parsed-By org.apache.tika.parser.microsoft.ooxml.OOXMLParser creator jm meta:author jm meta:creation-date 2003-08-13T07:51:06Z extended-properties:Application Microsoft Office PowerPoint stream_source_info url meta:last-author Používateľ systému Windows meta:slide-count 2 Creation-Date 2003-08-13T07:51:06Z xmpTPg:NPages 2 Last-Author Používateľ systému Windows Revision-Number 1098 Application-Version 16.0000 extended-properties:Template Theme1 extended-properties:DocSecurityString None Author jm publisher SjF Presentation-Format Širokouhlá dc:publisher SjF Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint slide-content Hospital Information System Outpatient clinic - Disablements (incapacity to work) Jaroslav Majernik Department of Medical Informatics and Simulator Medicine slide-master-content slide-content OUTPATIENT CLINIC – DISABLEMENTS (INCAPACITY TO WORK) embedded slide2_rId2 embedded slide2_rId3 SK: Neschopnosti ENG: Disablements To create a new disablement (incapacity to work) for the patient who will be treated at home for the next few days. embedded slide2_rId4 embedded slide2_rId5 embedded slide2_rId5 SK: Pridať ENG: Add Add a new disablement. embedded slide2_rId6 embedded slide2_rId5 SK: Číslo neschopenky ENG: Number of disablement Optional information about the disablement ...
Lectures (from a clinical point of view): Upper limb Lower limb Thorax Abdomen Pelvis Head and neck Department of Anatomy ...
UPJŠ LF v Košiciach | discipline: Anatomy | keywords: upper limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, head and neck | published on: 29. 3. 2022
Ortopedická klinika FN Brno-Bohunice page The most common spinal deformities scoliosis kyphosis page SCOLIOSIS page Scoliosis is three-dimensional deformity in frontal plane - scoliosis in sagittal plane – hypo, hyperkyphosis in transversal plane – rotation, torsion page Scoliosis: 3-D deformity page Torsion page Elementary primary evaluation • anamnesis • clinical examination • X-ray evaluation • treatment page Anamnesis • familiar anamnesis • complex health status • development – sitting, standing, … • capture and present treatment page Clinical evaluation trunk compensation – plumb line shoulder height waist asymmetry pelvic balance curve flexibility in bending position prominence in bending forward others - laxicity, sexual development, skin pigmentation, lenght of lower extremities page Žeberní prominence (APVZ) page Measurement of trunk decompensation page Measurement of paravertebral gibbus Measurement of shoul der asymmetry page Measurement of paravertebral gibbus page Sagittal balance page Shoulder height Gibbus Asymmetry of waist Trunk decompensation page Neurofibromatosis „café au lait“ page Radiological evaluation • PA and lateral X-rays in standing position (35x90 cm) • lateral bending X-rays and traction of 200 N • Special projections: Fergusson a Stagnara • wrist X-ray for bone age measurement (Greulich-Pyle 1959) • CT for measurement of apex vertebra rotation page Radiological scoliotic measurement • COBB – angle of scoliosis and sagittal balance • MOE – evaluation of vertebral rotation • RISSER sign – evaluation of bone age page Curve gravity evaluation according to COBB page page page Rotation evaluation according to MOE page RISSER´s sign STADIUM 1 = 2 years before ending of growing period STADIUM 3 = peak of growing spurt page FERGUSON´s projection page STAGNARA projection page Rotation - vertebra evaluation Th apical vertebra L apical vertebra double Th-L curves page Basic terms Apical vertebra Ending vertebra Neutral vertebra CSVL Stable vertebra page Characteristics of the curves Structural Non-structural page Curves terminology (according to Cobb angle) Main (weighty rotation) Adjacent (compensatory) page Curve structurality Main – structural Adjacent – structural, non-structural Curve structurality of adjacent curve is important to decide the fusion of adjacent curve in surgical treatment of AIS page Non-structural curve H 10° H 47° V 33° V 3° page Classification Orientation – right or left convexity Localisation – C,CT,T,TL,L,LS Gravity of curves – according to Cobb angles Etiology page Localisation of the curve according to position of the apical vertebra Thoracic: T2- disc T11/12 Upper Th T3 – T5 Lower Th T6 – disc T11/12 Thoracolumbar: T12-L1 Lumbar: disc L1/2-L4 HH DH TL L page Scoliosis – ethiopathogenetic classification Congenital Idiopathic……..............4/5 80% infantile iuvenile adolescent Neuromuscular neuropatic myopatic Neurofibromatosis Secondary Postural Tumours Other syndromas (Marfan, Ehlers-Danlos…… ... Imaging methods page Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Imaging methods page • conservative treatment • observation • casting and bracing • surgical treatment • simple bony fusion • hemiepiphyseodesis • complete posterior • combined a/p • posterior instrumentation • hemivertebrectomy • combined a/p surgery • posterior only surgery Treatment possibilities page Observation Indication: - small curves <20° - curves at low risk of progression -nonsegmented hemivertebra -bilateral defects of segmentation - curves <40°at the end of an adolescent age Follow up: - clinical examination every half year - follow-up X-ray once per year up to growth completition - FU X-ray every five years in adults Progression over 25° bracing or surgery page Bracing Indication: - curves 20°-40° - curves at low risk of progression -semisegmented hemivertebra - controling of secondary curves in growth period Progression over 40° surgery page 2 main surgical techniques used today Simple bony fusion Hemivertebrectomy with instrumentation Arrest of curve progression (without direct correction) -in small curves -in early detection Correction of scoliotic curve -in greater curves -in supposed curve progression page Simple bony fusion Indication: - hemivertebra without kyphosis - short curvature < 5 vertebrae - curvature < 50° Technique: - bilateral bone desis - unilateral bone desis – hemiepiphyseodesis (convex side) - posterior, anterior or combined Unilateral fusion growth arrest on convex side allow growth on concave side page Simple bony fusion page Postoperative care Plaster cast: first 6-12 months Bracing: till the growth ending - clinical examination every half year - follow-up X-ray once per year up to growth completition page Hemivertebrectomy using combined a/p surgical approach with instrumentation stabilization page page Associated rib cage deformities Absented ribs Fused ribs page Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib (VEPTR) page The main factors of quality treatment results: -early detection -good timing -choosing of adequate surgical treatment type page Neuromuscular scoliosis page Neuromuscular scoliosis the 3rd main scoliotic deformity - extensive progression (even after mature) - weighty deformities - associated with pelvic and hip deformities -high rate of associated dysfunctions - cardiopulmonal - urinary - pressure sores - osteopenia page Neuromuscular scoliosis Sitting instability Standing instability page Etiologic classification of the spinal neuromuscular deformities -affection of the upper motoric neuron -cerebral palsy -spinocerebelar degeneration (Friedreich, Charcot-Marie-Tooth, Roussy-Lévy) -syringomyelia -spinal tumours -spinal trauma -affection of the lower motor neuron -poliomyelitis -spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig-Hoffmann) -paralytic myelomeningocele 1.neuropathic 2.myopathic -artrogryphosis -muscular dystrophy (Duchenne) page Neuromuscular scoliosis long unilateral curve kyphoscoliosis lumbar hyperlordosis pelvic and hip deformities 1.Spastic forms rigid kyphoscoliosis 2.Hypotonic forms paralytic curves page Pelvic deformities 1.structural - in spinal deformities 2.functional - in muscle imbalances page Pelvic deformities •Posterior tilt •Pelvic obliquity •Pelvic rotation •Windswept hip phenomenon •Anterior tilt page POSTERIOR TILT page Extensive pelvic posterior tilt •Hyperactivity of hip extensors •Hamstrings shortening •Weakeness of lower back extensors •Decreasing of lumbar lordosis •Lumbar spine flexion POSTERIOR TILT page ANTERIOR TILT page Extensive pelvic anterior tilt •Shortening of lower back extensors •Weakness of trunk muscles •Shortening of iliotibial tractus •Shortening of hip extensors •Increasing of lumbar lordosis ANTERIOR TILT page PELVIC OBLIQUITY page Pelvic obliquity •Unbalanced trunk •Lumbar scoliosis •Hip dislocation •Muscle imbalance: •Hip adductors imbalance •Hip abductors weakness PELVIC OBLIQUITY page PELVIC ROTATION page Pelvic rotation •Often associated with scoliosis •Dislocated hip located in posterior side of rotation PELVIC ROTATION page Wind hip deformity •1st hip: Flexion+abduction+external rotation •2nd hip Adduction+internal rotation WINDBLOW HIP DEFORMITY •Hip dislocation •Pelvic obliquity and rotation •Scoliosis •Different leg lenght page Therapy of the neuromuscular spinal deformities 1.conservative disadvantages: -low efect -poor tolerance of the orthosis -worsening of the cardiopulmonal functions -pressure sores 2.surgical indications: -collapse and instability of the spine -progressivity in cardiopulmonal dysfunctions -back pain -tendence to pressure sores page Surgical therapy - doesn´t solve the primary affection - improving the secondary dysfunctions Main aims of the surgical therapy: - prevention of the deformity progression - correction of the deformity - improving of the sitting and standing stability - compensation of the pelvic obliquity - improving of the cardiopulmonal functions page Combination of the surgical techniques LUQUE = segmental spinal sublaminar instrumentation with translation forces GALVESTON = pelvic stabilisation page Luque spinal segmental instrumentation - good and safe correction - stable instrumentation - allows the release of the orthosis - possibility of the extending to the pelvis page Galveston pelvic stabilization page GALVESTON page LUQUE + GALVESTON page Main complications in instrumentation Incorrect implantation of the rod to the pelvis Dislocation of the upper instrumentation part page Contemporary treatment - transpedicular fixation page Other scoliosis page Neurofibromatosis page Neurofibromatosis „café au lait“ page Neurofibromatosis - Sharp curves - High rate of pseudoarthrosis - Reexploration of fusion page Scoliosis in other syndromas Osteochondrodystrofy Ehlers – Danlos Marfan Morquio O. imperfecta page Secondary curves Postural Inflamations Tumours Hysteria Degenerative page Degenerative scoliosis page Complications of surgical therapy page perioperative – implantation of instruments overcorrection – mechanical (spinal cord distraction) - vascular Neurological complications page Cast syndroma – vascular duodenal compression acute (postop., plaster) chronical (Wilke syndroma) Duodenal compresion in third part between a. mesent. sup. and aorta with partial duodenal obstruction page page Therapy of cast syndroma intravenous nutrition nasogastric drain left side body position (side to side duodenojejunoanastomosis) page Later complications Pseudoarthrosis (loss of correction, pain, loosening of instrumentation) Bending of fusion during growth period Fracture in fusion page page Infection complications superficial deep punction, antibiotics surgical revision, drainage page Possible postoperative fixations FN Brno-Bohunice, Ortopedická klinika page FN Brno-Bohunice, Ortopedická klinika 1 ...
LF MU | discipline: Surgery, Traumatology and Orthopaedics | ...: Array | published on: 13. 5. 2016
The testes and scrotum are larger Stage 5: adult page Staging of pubertal development -TANNER Girls Breast B1-5 Pubic hair (P1-5) Axillary hair (A1-5) Menarche page Staging of pubertal development in girls Stage 1: preadolescent, elevation of the papilla only Stage 2: breast bud stage, elevation of the breast and papilla as a small mound Stage 3: further enlargement and elevation of the breast and areola, with no separation of their contours Stage 4: projection of the areola and papilla above the level of the breast Stage 5: mature stage, projection of the papilla alone due to recession of the areola page Timing of puberty • the age of normal pubertal onset in boys or girls varies considerably • determined in part by genetic factors and external factors – adequacy of nutrition, occurrence and severity of chronic disease and tempered by exercise levels • over the last 100 yrs has been a slow but marked transgenerational decrease in the age of onset of puberty in both boys and girls and onset of menarche page Normal pubertal development BOYS GIRLS Age of start (yrs) 12.5 (10-14) 11.5 (9-13) First sign of puberty G2 (testicular volume 4 ml) B2 Growth velocity (cm/yr) 10.3 (Tanner III ... • Growth velocity is normal • FSH and LH levels after LH-RH are normal • Gonadal and adrenal steroid levels are normal • Pelvic and adrenal ultrasonography is normal • only observation of the signs of pubertal develepment • in a few isolated cases can premature thelarché proceeds to precocious puberty page Gynecomastia - breast enlargement in boys Physiologic • testosteron is converting to estrogens in liver • increasing sensitivity of E receptors in breast to slightly elevated E level • In 40-50% boys at the start of puberty • unilateral or bilateral Pathologic • unilateral - breast tumor (very rare) • bilateral - elevated prolactin (prolactinoma or hypothyreosis with elevated TSH) - elevate estrogen/testosteron ratio (47,XXY) page Precocious puberty-treatement • Gonadotropin-dependent PP idiopathic GnRH (LH-RH) analog (triptorelin) to block LH-RH receptor in gonadotroph of pituitary gland • Organic – tumor or cysts surgery, exlude hamartoma • Gonadotropin-independent pseudopuberty testicular, ovarian or adrenal tumors – surgery CAH – substitution of corticosteroids autonomous steroid secretion-estrogens receptor antagonists (tamoxifen) steroid synthesis inhibitors (ketoconasole) page Delayed puberty • initial physical changes of puberty are not present: by age 13 years in girls (or primary amenorhoe at age 15.5-16yrs) by age 14 years in boys • pubertal development is inappropriate the interval between first signs of puberty and menarche in girls/completition genital growth in boys is ˃ 5 yrs page GnRH or gonadotropin dependent DP • Idiopathic – sporadic or familial (associated with constitutional growth delay) • Chronic disease with bone age delay and growth retardation due to different pathophysical mechanismes (malnutrition, anemia, acidosis, hypoxia) ...anorexia nervosa, cystic fibrosis, chronic kidney disease • Psychosocial deprivation page GnRH or gonadotropin dependent DP Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism • Gonadotropin deficiency (isolated) LH only (fertile eunuch syndrome) FSH and LH - congenital: Kallman sy, Prader-Willi sy - acquired: tumors, inflamation, irradiation, trauma ...
UPJŠ LF v Košiciach | discipline: Paediatrics, Neonatology | ...: Array | published on: 27. 3. 2017
... date 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z pdf:PDFVersion 1.5 xmp:CreatorTool Microsoft® Publisher 2010 stream_content_type application/pdf pdf:hasXFA false access_permission:modify_annotations true access_permission:can_print_degraded true dc:creator JANA language cs-CZ dcterms:created 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z Last-Modified 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z dcterms:modified 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z dc:format application/pdf; version=1.5 Last-Save-Date 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z pdf:docinfo:creator_tool Microsoft® Publisher 2010 access_permission:fill_in_form true pdf:docinfo:modified 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z stream_name https://portal.lf1.cuni.cz/_down1lfMefa48s56PRTG554-89898sds/4/157-introduction-to-first-aid-pdf_4d4fd0635bc41.pdf meta:save-date 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z pdf:encrypted false modified 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z pdf:hasMarkedContent true Content-Type application/pdf stream_size 854854 pdf:docinfo:creator JANA X-Parsed-By org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser X-Parsed-By org.apache.tika.parser.pdf.PDFParser creator JANA dc:language cs-CZ meta:author JANA meta:creation-date 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z stream_source_info url created 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z access_permission:extract_for_accessibility true access_permission:assemble_document true xmpTPg:NPages 25 Creation-Date 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z pdf:hasXMP false access_permission:extract_content true access_permission:can_print true Author JANA producer Microsoft® Publisher 2010 access_permission:can_modify true pdf:docinfo:producer Microsoft® Publisher 2010 pdf:docinfo:created 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z page 1 Scene of an emergency Usually very stressful situation Improvisation is usually necessary ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY Primary Survey (Initial assessment) Get help Secondary Survey (assessment) Provide first aid Reassess regularly Transport to health care facility page 2 1) Primary assessment and BLS Many injuries or illnesses do not require life-saving effort or even medical treatment but in some cases very promptly and properly applied first aid could mean difference between life and death or just temporary and permanent disability Aim of primary assessment is to decide if any life-saving intervention usually basic life support is necessary or not Mnemonic DRs ABC helps to remember what is necessary to assess ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY Primary Survey (assessment) Get help Secondary Survey (assessment) Provide first aid Reassess regularly Transport to health care facility D R s A B C page 3 1) Primary assessment and BLS Dangers = Hazards Before rescuer approaches scene of an emergency, he needs to be sure it is safe Look for any hazards that could be dangerous to you, the victim, or bystanders (Gasoline; Fire; Vehicle obstructing traffic; Electric current; Toxic vapour; Deep water; …) Take general precautions at first Do not attempt heroic rescue in hazardous circumstances Any even potentially dangerous situation could result in further injury to the victim, rescuer or the other In some circumstances to provide proper first aid cold mean: “call emergency services and wait for them” ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY Primary Survey (assessment) Dangers R s A B C page 4 1) Primary assessment and BLS Response = Consciousness Start with assessment while you are approaching Moving speaking, crying victim is alert - there is no need for further assessment of respon- siveness If the victim is not alert, to assess responsiveness, firmly squeeze the victims shoulders, gen- tly shake and ask loudly: “Are you all right? ... “ Responsive victim (alert or responds to verbal or painful stimuli) proceed to secondary assessment as basic life support is not needed right now Unresponsive victim continue with primary assessment ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY Primary Survey (assessment) Dangers Response s A B C Alert and aware Responds to Verbal stimuli Responds to Painful stimuli Unresponsive AVPU scale page 5 1) Primary assessment and BLS shout for help Try to attract attention of somebody who could help you but so not leave the victim at this point ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY Primary Survey (assessment) Dangers Response shout for help A B C page 6 1) Primary assessment and BLS Airway clear or not? ...
1.LF UK | discipline: Health Care Sciences | ...: Array | published on: 9. 2. 2011
... date 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z pdf:PDFVersion 1.5 xmp:CreatorTool Microsoft® Publisher 2010 stream_content_type application/pdf pdf:hasXFA false access_permission:modify_annotations true access_permission:can_print_degraded true dc:creator JANA language cs-CZ dcterms:created 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z Last-Modified 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z dcterms:modified 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z dc:format application/pdf; version=1.5 Last-Save-Date 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z pdf:docinfo:creator_tool Microsoft® Publisher 2010 access_permission:fill_in_form true pdf:docinfo:modified 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z stream_name https://portal.lf1.cuni.cz/_down1lfMefa48s56PRTG554-89898sds/4/163-introduction-to-first-aid-pdf_4d73e039748d8.pdf meta:save-date 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z pdf:encrypted false modified 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z pdf:hasMarkedContent true Content-Type application/pdf stream_size 854854 pdf:docinfo:creator JANA X-Parsed-By org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser X-Parsed-By org.apache.tika.parser.pdf.PDFParser creator JANA dc:language cs-CZ meta:author JANA meta:creation-date 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z stream_source_info url created 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z access_permission:extract_for_accessibility true access_permission:assemble_document true xmpTPg:NPages 25 Creation-Date 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z pdf:hasXMP false access_permission:extract_content true access_permission:can_print true Author JANA producer Microsoft® Publisher 2010 access_permission:can_modify true pdf:docinfo:producer Microsoft® Publisher 2010 pdf:docinfo:created 2011-02-05T15:34:06Z page 1 Scene of an emergency Usually very stressful situation Improvisation is usually necessary ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY Primary Survey (Initial assessment) Get help Secondary Survey (assessment) Provide first aid Reassess regularly Transport to health care facility page 2 1) Primary assessment and BLS Many injuries or illnesses do not require life-saving effort or even medical treatment but in some cases very promptly and properly applied first aid could mean difference between life and death or just temporary and permanent disability Aim of primary assessment is to decide if any life-saving intervention usually basic life support is necessary or not Mnemonic DRs ABC helps to remember what is necessary to assess ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY Primary Survey (assessment) Get help Secondary Survey (assessment) Provide first aid Reassess regularly Transport to health care facility D R s A B C page 3 1) Primary assessment and BLS Dangers = Hazards Before rescuer approaches scene of an emergency, he needs to be sure it is safe Look for any hazards that could be dangerous to you, the victim, or bystanders (Gasoline; Fire; Vehicle obstructing traffic; Electric current; Toxic vapour; Deep water; …) Take general precautions at first Do not attempt heroic rescue in hazardous circumstances Any even potentially dangerous situation could result in further injury to the victim, rescuer or the other In some circumstances to provide proper first aid cold mean: “call emergency services and wait for them” ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY Primary Survey (assessment) Dangers R s A B C page 4 1) Primary assessment and BLS Response = Consciousness Start with assessment while you are approaching Moving speaking, crying victim is alert - there is no need for further assessment of respon- siveness If the victim is not alert, to assess responsiveness, firmly squeeze the victims shoulders, gen- tly shake and ask loudly: “Are you all right? ... “ Responsive victim (alert or responds to verbal or painful stimuli) proceed to secondary assessment as basic life support is not needed right now Unresponsive victim continue with primary assessment ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY Primary Survey (assessment) Dangers Response s A B C Alert and aware Responds to Verbal stimuli Responds to Painful stimuli Unresponsive AVPU scale page 5 1) Primary assessment and BLS shout for help Try to attract attention of somebody who could help you but so not leave the victim at this point ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY Primary Survey (assessment) Dangers Response shout for help A B C page 6 1) Primary assessment and BLS Airway clear or not? ...
1.LF UK | discipline: Health Care Sciences | ...: Array | published on: 7. 3. 2011
The critical area (to reject 𝑯𝟎) is: −∞;−𝒛 𝟏− 𝜶 𝟐 ∪ 𝒛 𝟏− 𝜶 𝟐 ;∞ or in one-tailed (one-sided) 𝑯𝟎: −∞;−𝒛𝟏−𝜶 𝒐𝒓 𝒛𝟏−𝜶;∞ TESTS OF MEAN VALUES page Hypothesis testing for a mean if the variance of the population 𝝈𝟐 is unknown and the sample group is big enough Null hypothesis: 𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 = 𝝁𝟎 Alternative hypothesis: 𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 ≠ 𝝁𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 > 𝝁𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 < 𝝁𝟎 The test statistic is: 𝒁 = ഥ𝑿 − 𝝁𝟎 𝑺 𝒏 𝝈𝟐 is estimated by sample variance 𝑺𝟐 calculated from sample group data. The critical area (to reject 𝑯𝟎) is: −∞;−𝒛 𝟏− 𝜶 𝟐 ∪ 𝒛 𝟏− 𝜶 𝟐 ;∞ or in one-tailed (one-sided) 𝑯𝟎: −∞;−𝒛𝟏−𝜶 𝒐𝒓 𝒛𝟏−𝜶;∞ TESTS OF MEAN VALUES page Hypothesis testing for a mean if the variance of the population 𝝈𝟐 is unknown and the sample group is small Null hypothesis: 𝑯𝟎: 𝝁 = 𝝁𝟎 Alternative hypothesis: 𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 ≠ 𝝁𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 > 𝝁𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝟏: 𝝁 < 𝝁𝟎 The test statistic is: 𝑻 = ഥ𝑿 − 𝝁𝟎 𝑺 𝒏 has t-distribution with 𝒏 − 𝟏 degrees of freedom that will be used to determine critical values at particular significance level 𝛂 ...
... page RELATIVE FREQUENCY TABLE • relative frequency is proportion of values falling within a particular class • frequency divided by the total number of values • the sum of relative frequency is 1 page CUMULATIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY TABLE • cumulative relative frequency is the accumulation of the previous relative frequencies • the sum of the relative frequencies for all values that are less than or equal to the given value • the last entry of cumulative relative frequency column is 1 (100% of data) page HISTOGRAM • distribution of total frequency into different classes/group • can display large data sets • consists of continuous bars (boxes) • vertical axis is labeled as frequency (relative frequency) • frequency curve smoothly connects the mid-points of all bars page NUMBER OF CLASSES AND CLASS INTERVAL WIDTH Range (max - min) has to be divided into 𝒌 classes • 𝒌 is usually between 5 and 15, (can be 𝒌 ≅ 𝒏) • avoid too few or to many classes in distribution – optimal value depends on data to be processed (researcher’s knowledge) Sturges’s formula • can be used to determine number of classes and range of class intervals (width) Number of classes: 𝒌 = 𝟏 + 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟐 log𝟏𝟎 𝒏 where 𝒏 is the number of values. Class interval width: 𝒄 = 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒌 • rounded to a whole number The classes should be evenly distributed ...